Gastos de bolsillo por gastroenteritis a causa de rotavirus en el Hospital Pediátrico de Cienfuegos, 2019 - 2020 / Out-Of-Pocket Expenses for Gastroenteritis Due to Rotavirus at Cienfuegos Pediatric Hospital, 2019 - 2020

Introducción: La hospitalización por enfermedades diarreicas agudas en menores de cinco años de edad puede generar gastos importantes para la familia. Objetivo: Estimar el gasto de bolsillo y el costo indirecto por la atención a pacientes menores de cinco años de edad hospitalizados por gastroenteritis a causa de rotavirus. Métodos: Estudio de descripción de costos. Se empleó el microcosteo para estimar el costo directo médico (servicio y medicamentos) y no médico (transporte, alimentación, aseo), así como las pérdidas de productividad para el paciente y su familia y las fuentes de financiamiento. Se trabajó con 132 pacientes hospitalizados en el Hospital Pediátrico de Cienfuegos entre septiembre de 2019 y febrero de 2020 con gastroenteritis y test rápido de rotavirus positivo. El gasto se analizó según la situación económica referida y la edad del paciente. Resultados: La media del gasto de bolsillo total fue de CUP 809,66 (IC 95 por ciento 757,57 - 861,75); el 50,8 por ciento por alimentación, el 31,4 por ciento por aseo y un 17,8 por ciento por transportación. Los hogares con mejor situación económica gastaron más (< 0,001). El 87,2 por ciento de las familias utilizó alguna fuente de recursos adicional a sus ingresos habituales. Se afectaron 2,39 personas (IC 95 por ciento 2,27 - 2,52) y se reportó una pérdida de 5,51 días laborales (IC 95 por ciento 5,21 - 5,8). El costo indirecto promedio fue de CUP 418,8 (IC 95 por ciento 382,36 - 455,24). Conclusiones: La hospitalización de un menor de cinco años por gastroenteritis aguda a causa de rotavirus en Cienfuegos significa una carga económica considerable para los hogares, en especial para los de mejor situación económica(AU)

Introduction: Hospitalization for acute diarrheal diseases in children under five years of age can generate significant expenses for the family. Objective: To assess the out-of-pocket expense and the indirect cost for the care of patients under five years of age hospitalized for gastroenteritis due to rotavirus. Methods: This is cost description study. Microcosting was used to estimate the direct medical cost (service and medication) and non-medical cost (transportation, food, cleaning), as well as the productivity losses for patients and their family and the sources of financing. We worked with 132 patients hospitalized at Cienfuegos Pediatric Hospital from September 2019 to February 2020 with gastroenteritis and a positive rotavirus rapid test. Expenditure was analyzed according to the economic situation referred to and the age of the patient. Results: The mean total out-of-pocket expense was CUP 809.66 (95percent CI 757.57 - 861.75); 50.8percent for food, 31.4percent for cleaning and 17.8percent for transportation. Households with better economic situation spent more (<0.001). 87.2percent of the families used some source of resources in addition to their usual income. 2.39 people were affected (95percent CI 2.27 - 2.52) and a loss of 5.51 working days was reported (95percent CI 5.21 - 5.8). The average indirect cost was CUP 418.8 (95percent CI 382.36 - 455.24). Conclusions: The hospitalization of a child under five years of age for acute gastroenteritis due to rotavirus in Cienfuegos represents a considerable economic burden for families, especially for those with better economic situation(AU)

Profile and costs of dengue hospitalizations in Southeast Pará from the SUS perspective (2000-2015) / Perfil e custos das internações por dengue no Sudeste do Pará na perspectiva do SUS (2000-2015) / Perfil y costos de las hospitalizaciones por dengue en el Sudeste de Pará en la perspectiva del SUS (2000-2015)

Background and objectives: Considering the little evidence associated with dengue hospitalizations, their public expenditures in Southeast Pará and its relevance to the public health in Brazil, this study aims to demonstrate the records of hospitalizations and expenses associated with this arbovirus between 2000 and 2015 from the perspective of the Unified Health System (SUS). Methods: This is a descriptive research that sought to assess the records and expenses (USD) of hospitalization caused by dengue (SUS code: 74500457, 74300440, 0303010010) and severe dengue (SUS code: 74300628, 74500627, 0303010029), as well as their associated deaths (CID: A90 and A91), respectively, from the SIH/SUS and SIM/SUS from 2000 to 2015 for all 39 municipalities in the southeast of Pará. Results: A total of 1206 deaths, 22,860 individuals with dengue and 306 with severe dengue underwent services in the SUS between 2000 and 2015, representing 23,166 hospitalizations (23,613: dengue and 313: severe dengue), in which Bom Jesus do Tocantins and Goianésia do Pará represent the municipalities with the highest number of hospitalizations associated with dengue. Conclusion: It is possible to verify the relevance of continuing efforts to combat and fight dengue in southeastern Pará. It reinforces the need to conduct studies that contribute to a better understanding of the distribution of hospitalizations and deaths in the different municipalities of the state of Pará, as well as reflections on the epidemiological and economic scenario for the implementation of a rational and efficient decision-making process.(AU)

Justificativa e objetivos: Considerando as poucas evidências associadas às internações por dengue, seus gastos públicos no Sudeste do Pará e sua relevância para a saúde pública no Brasil, este estudo tem como objetivo demonstrar os registros de internações e gastos associados a esta arbovirose entre 2000 e 2015 a partir da perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva que buscou avaliar os registros e gastos (USD) de internação por dengue (código SUS: 74500457, 74300440, 0303010010) e dengue grave (código SUS: 74300628, 74500627, 0303010029), bem como seus óbitos associados (CID: A90 e A91), respectivamente, do SIH/SUS e SIM/SUS de 2000 a 2015 para todos os 39 municípios do sudeste paraense. Resultados: Um total de 1.206 óbitos, 22.860 indivíduos com dengue e 306 com dengue grave foram atendidos no SUS entre 2000 e 2015, representando 23.166 internações (23.613: dengue e 313: dengue grave), nas quais Bom Jesus do Tocantins e Goianésia do O Pará representa os municípios com maior número de internações associadas à dengue. Conclusão: É possível verificar a relevância da continuidade dos esforços de combate e combate à dengue no sudeste paraense. Reforça a necessidade da realização de estudos que contribuam para um melhor entendimento da distribuição das internações e óbitos nos diferentes municípios do estado do Pará, bem como reflexões sobre o cenário epidemiológico e econômico para a implementação de um processo decisório racional e eficiente. Fazendo processo.(AU)

Justificación y objetivos: Considerando la poca evidencia asociada a las hospitalizaciones por dengue, sus gastos públicos en el Sudeste de Pará y su relevancia para la salud pública en Brasil, este estudio tiene como objetivo demostrar los registros de hospitalizaciones y gastos asociados a este arbovirus entre 2000 y 2015 a partir de la perspectiva del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). Métodos: Se trata de una investigación descriptiva que buscó evaluar los registros y gastos (USD) de hospitalización por dengue (código SUS: 74500457, 74300440, 0303010010) y dengue grave (código SUS: 74300628, 74500627, 0303010029), así como sus muertes asociadas (CID: A90 y A91), respectivamente, del SIH/SUS y SIM/SUS de 2000 a 2015 para los 39 municipios del sureste de Pará. Resultados: Un total de 1206 muertes, 22.860 personas con dengue y 306 con dengue grave fueron atendidos en el SUS entre 2000 y 2015, lo que representa 23.166 hospitalizaciones (23.613: dengue y 313: dengue grave), en las que Bom Jesus do Tocantins y Goianésia hacen Pará representan los municipios con mayor número de hospitalizaciones asociadas al dengue. Conclusión: Es posible verificar la relevancia de continuar los esfuerzos para combatir y luchar contra el dengue en el sureste de Pará. Refuerza la necesidad de realizar estudios que contribuyan a una mejor comprensión de la distribución de hospitalizaciones y muertes en los diferentes municipios del estado de Pará, así como reflexiones sobre el escenario epidemiológico y económico para la implementación de una decisión racional y eficiente. proceso de fabricación.(AU)

Impact of children with complex chronic conditions on costs in a tertiary referral hospital

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES To investigate the impact of complex chronic conditions on the use of healthcare resources and hospitalization costs in a pediatric ward of a public tertiary referral university hospital in Brazil. METHODS This is a longitudinal study with retrospective data collection. Overall, three one-year periods, separated by five-year intervals (2006, 2011, and 2016), were evaluated. Hospital costs were calculated in three systematic samples of 100 patients each, consisting of patients with and without complex chronic conditions in proportion to their participation in the studied year. RESULTS Over the studied period, the hospital received 2,372 admissions from 2,172 patients. The proportion of hospitalized patients with complex chronic conditions increased from 13.3% in 2006 to 16.9% in 2016 as a result of a greater proportion of neurologically impaired children, which rose from 6.6% to 11.6% of the total number of patients in the same period. Patients' complexity also progressively increased, which greatly impacted the use of healthcare resources and costs, increasing by 11.6% from 2006 (R$1,300,879.20) to 2011 (R$1,452,359.71) and 9.4% from 2011 to 2016 (R$1,589,457.95). CONCLUSIONS Hospitalizations of pediatric patients with complex chronic conditions increased from 2006 to 2016 in a Brazilian tertiary referral university hospital, associated with an important impact on hospital costs. Policies to reduce these costs in Brazil are greatly needed.

Impacto económico de los egresos hospitalarios asociados a cáncer gástrico en las regiones del Maule, La Araucanía y Aysén durante los años 2015-2020 / Economic impact of hospital discharges associated with gastric cancer in del Maule, La Araucanía and Aysén regions during years 2015-2020

Introduction: Gastric cancer (GC) represents one of the highest incidences in the world and in Chile, registering one of the highest mortality rates with a significant economic impact. Objective: Examine the economic expenditure (EE) associated with bed-days due to GC in patients older than 45 years according to the year of the hospital discharge, during the years 2015-2020 in the regions of Maule, La Araucanía, and Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo. Material y methods: Our ecological study is focused on a sample of patients who registered a discharge due to GC was applied (n=3,391). Data extraction was performed from the Department of Statistics and Health Information. Results: During the period of analysis, was recorded an expense of $508,995,025, with 2017 being the year with the highest value of $111,321,220. The largest EE was concentrated in La Araucanía with $265,802,005 and the smallest in Aysén with $23,646,555. Discussion: There is a genetic predisposition to GC in the Mapuche population, which resides in southern Chile. In addition, the lower EE is associated with the female sex because estrogens interfere in processes that are related to a lower predisposition for the development of GC. It is recommended to extend the study to other regions of Chile in order to extrapolate the results to the national level and to enrich the available literature.

Introducción: El cáncer gástrico (CG) representa una de las mayores incidencias en el mundo y en Chile, registrando una de las tasas más altas de mortalidad con un impacto económico importante. Objetivo: Examinar el gasto económico (GE) asociados a días-cama por CG en pacientes mayores a 45 años según año de egreso hospitalario, durante los años 2015-2020 en las regiones del Maule, La Araucanía y Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo. Materiales y métodos: Se aplicó un estudio ecológico focalizado en una muestra de pacientes que registran un egreso a causa de CG (n=3.391). La extracción de datos se realizó a partir del Departamento de Estadística e Información de Salud. Resultados: En el período se registró un gasto de $508.995.025, siendo el año 2017 el que presentó el mayor con un valor de $111.321.220. El mayor GE se concentró en La Araucanía con $265.802.005 y el menor en Aysén con $23.646.555. Discusión: Existe una mayor predisposición genética al CG en la población mapuche residente en el sur de Chile y el menor GE se asocia al sexo femenino debido a que los estrógenos interfieren en procesos que se relacionan con una menor predisposición para el desarrollo de CG. Se recomienda ampliar el estudio a otras regiones de Chile para poder extrapolar los resultados a nivel nacional y enriquecer la literatura disponible.

Gastos com internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária: estudo ecológico / Gastos con internaciones por condiciones sensibles en la atención primaria: estudio ecológico / Expenses with hospitalizations by sensitive conditions to the primary care: an ecological study

Resumo Objetivo Analisar os gastos com Internações por Condições Sensíveis à Atenção Primária no Estado de Minas Gerais. Métodos Estudo ecológico e retrospectivo das internações dos anos de 2014 e 2019, com dados do Sistema de Informação Hospitalar analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e teste pareado de Wilcoxon. Resultados Observou-se redução de valores gastos (-9,88%), em internações eletivas (-1,77%) e de urgência (-10,54%), nos sexos masculino e feminino e em todas as faixas etárias; com diferença significativa de valores gastos nas faixas etárias de 5 a 14 anos (p=0,005) e de 15 a 49 anos (p<0,001). Os maiores valores absolutos se deram nos grupos Angina, Insuficiência Cardíaca e Doenças Cerebrovasculares; as principais reduções ocorreram nas Doenças inflamatórias de órgãos pélvicos, Gastroenterites infecciosas e Asma. Conclusão A análise por grupos e caráter de internação das condições sensíveis possibilita a identificação de frequência e custos elevados e/ou desproporcionais, mostrando condições de maior risco e atuação dos serviços de cuidados primários em saúde no momento oportuno à demanda da população.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar los gastos con Internaciones por Condiciones Sensibles en la Atención Primaria en el Estado de Minas Gerais. Métodos Estudio ecológico y retrospectivo de las internaciones en los años de 2014 y de 2019, con datos del Sistema de Información Hospitalaria analizados por medio de estadística descriptiva y pruebas pareadas de Wilcoxon. Resultados Se observó una reducción en los montos gastados (-9,88 %), en internaciones electivas (-1,77 %) y de urgencia (-10,54 %), en los sexos masculino y femenino y en todos los grupos de edad; con una diferencia significativa en los montos gastados en los grupos de edad de los 5 a los 14 años (p=0,005) y de los 15 a los 49 años (p<0,001). Los mayores valores absolutos se dieron en los grupos Angina, Insuficiencia Cardíaca y Enfermedades Cerebrovasculares; las principales reducciones se dieron en las Enfermedades inflamatorias de órganos pélvicos, Gastroenteritis infecciosas y Asma. Conclusión El análisis por grupos y tipo de internación de las condiciones sensibles posibilita la identificación de frecuencia y elevados costos o desproporcionales, mostrando condiciones de mayor riesgo y actuación de los servicios de cuidados primarios en salud en el momento oportuno a la demanda de la población.

Abstract Objective To analyse the expenses with hospitalizations by Sensitive Conditions to the Primary Care at the Minas Gerais State. Methods Ecological and retrospective study of the hospitalizations from 2014 to 2019, with data from the Hospital Information System, analysed through descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon paired test. Results We observed a decrease in the expense values (-9.88%), in electives hospitalizations (-1.77%) and urgency hospitalizations (-10.54%), in male and female sexes, and all group ages; with significant expense values difference in the age groups from 5 to 14 years old (p=0.005), and from 15 to 49 (p<0.001). We found the absolute higher values in the Angina, Cardiac insufficiency, and Cerebrovascular diseases groups; the main decreases occurred in Pelvic organs inflammatory diseases, Infectious gastroenteritis, and Asthma. Conclusion The analysis by groups and hospitalization character of the sensitive conditions allows the identification of frequency and elevated and/or disproportionate expenses, highlighting conditions of greater risk and action of the primary care services in health in the appropriate moment to the population demand.

Spending Estimates for Gastric Cancer in Central Brazil

Abstract Stomach cancer is the second leading cause of death by cancer worldwide and is even more pronounced in South America. In Brazil, it is estimated that an increase in the number of cases due to this cancer occurred in the biennium 2018-2019. In this study, we investigated the expenditures of the State Health Department of Goiás on hospitalizations and treatment of gastric cancer for the Unified Health System (SUS) from 2008-2016. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study based on secondary data from the Unified Health System computing department (DATASUS) and the System of Management of the Table of Procedures, Medications, Orthosis, Prosthesis, and Special Materials of SUS through CONECTA-SUS related to International Classification of Diseases-10/C16 (ICD-10/C16) procedures for gastric neoplasms. A total of I$ 5,697,958.20 was spent on gastric tumor in the last nine years in Goiás, I$ 4,492,916.67 (0.3%) on hospitalizations, and I$ 1,997,120.91 on treatment. This study presents a current and relevant estimate of the costs of gastric cancer patients in Goiás. Moreover, we provide information on the extent of the cancer issue to public health. Our analysis offers components for service management and studies that reduce resource allocation in more rational ways

Caracterización clínica y de costos de la hospitalización asociada a varicela en niños de la Región Metropolitana y de Valparaíso, Chile / Clinical and cost characterization of hospitalization associated with varicella in children from the Metropolitan Region and Valparaíso, Chile

INTRODUCCIÓN: La varicela es una infección relevante en la salud pública de Chile, pudiendo causar en algunas ocasiones complicaciones graves e incluso la muerte, lo que se asocia a un significativo gasto en salud. En Chile sólo se realiza vigilancia centinela a nivel ambulatorio, sin conocerse el impacto de la varicela en casos más graves que determinan hospitalización. OBJETIVOS: Realizar una descripción clínica y de los costos asociados a la atención de niños hospitalizados con diagnóstico de varicela, en años previos a la introducción de la vacuna en el Programa Nacional de Inmunización en Chile. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio multicéntrico, observacional y retrospectivo, en todos los casos de niños hospitalizados (0-15 años) con diagnóstico de varicela, entre enero de 2011 y diciembre de 2015 en cinco hospitales de Chile. Se realizó revisión de fichas para evaluar características clínicas de la enfermedad y los costos asociados a la hospitalización por varicela. RESULTADOS: Un total de 685 hospitalizaciones por varicela fueron incluidas en el estudio. La mediana de edad fue de 3 años (RIC:1-5), siendo la mayoría de los niños con edades comprendidas entre los 1 y 4 años (52% del total de casos). El 56% fueron hombres y sólo 7 niño s (1%) tuvieron antecedente de vacuna varicela. La mediana de días de hospitalización fue de 3 días en cada episodio (RIC: 2-5). El 13% de los casos requirió hospitalización en unidades de mayor complejidad, 7% de los niños ingresó a Unidad de Tratamiento Intensivo y 6% ingresó a Intermedio, ambos con una mediana de 3 días de hospitalización. Las principales complicaciones fueron: infección de piel y tejidos blandos (42%), alteraciones neurológicas (8%) y shock séptico/tóxico (4%). La letalidad fue de 0,4%. El costo de un caso de varicela considerando los costos directos fue de US$417, el costo indirecto fue de US$224 y los costos proporcionales de una muerte de US$3.575. Se estima que el costo total de un caso de varicela hospitalizado en Chile, considerando todos los factores anteriores, fue de US$4.216. CONCLUSIONES: La varicela es una enfermedad inmunoprevenible frecuente. Se observaron casos con una mediana de 3 días de hospitalización por complicaciones, con 13% de los casos requiriendo hospitalización en unidades de mayor complejidad, con un alto costo asociado, que se estima podría disminuir significativamente con la reciente incorporación de la vacuna al Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones.

BACKGROUND: Varicella is a relevant infection in Chile and may cause serious complications and death, which could be associated with significant health care resource utilization and associated costs. In Chile, sentinel surveillance is carried out only on an outpatient basis, without knowing the impact of varicella in serious cases who need to be hospitalized. AIM: To describe the clinical characteristics and the costs associated with hospitalized children with diagnosis of varicella prior to the vaccine introduction in the National Immunization Program in Chile. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A multicenter, observational, and retrospective study in hospitalized children (0-15 years) with a diagnosis of varicella, were conducted in five hospitals in Chile between January 2011 and December 2015. A review of the clinical records was performed to evaluate the clinical characteristics of the disease and costs associated with hospitalization episodes for varicella. RESULTS: A total of 685 hospitalized children for varicella were included in this study. The median age was 3 years (IQR: 1-5), most children were between 1 and 4 years of age (52% of total cases). 56% were male, and only 7 patients (1%) had a history of previous varicella vaccination. The median lenght of days of hospitalization was 3 days (IQR: 2-5). 13% of the cases required hospitalization in a more complex care unit, 6% in the intermediate unit and 7% in the pediatric intensive treatment unit, both with a median stay of 3 days. The main complications were: skin and soft tissue infections (42%), neurologic (8%) and septic or toxic shock (4%). There were 3 cases of death (0.4%). The direct cost of a varicella case was US $ 417, the indirect cost was US $ 224 and the proportional cost of a case of death was US $ 3,575. It is estimated that the total cost of a hospitalized varicella case in Chile was US $ 4,216. CONCLUSIONS: Varicella is associated with a significant burden of disease in Chile. The median hospital stay was three days with 13% of cases requiring medical care in a complex unit, with high associated costs which could be significantly reduced with the recently incorporation of the varicella vaccine into the National Immunization Program.

Perfil epidemiológico do traumatismo cranioencefálico no Nordeste do Brasil / Epidemiological profile of traumatic brain injury in Northeastern Brazil

O traumatismo cranioencefálico (TCE) se apresenta na realidade brasileira como importante causa de incapacitações e óbitos, sendo de especial interesse da saúde pública, também, devido à alta demanda de recursos para o tratamento de suas vítimas. Nesse contexto, análises sistemáticas sobre o tema são de grande relevância para o direcionamento de políticas preventivas. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o perfil do TCE na região Nordeste do Brasil, através de estudo exploratório, descritivo, epidemiológico, de série temporal, de janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2019, com dados secundários do DATASUS - Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Foi constatado um aumento no número de internações e óbitos no período, sendo a maioria das vítimas do sexo masculino, da raça parda, com idade entre 20 e 39 anos. Os custos com internações são elevados e se encontram em ascensão.

raumatic brain injury (TBI) appears in the Brazilian reality as an important cause of disabilities and deaths, being of special interest to public health, also, due to the high demand for resources for the treatment of its victims. Based on this, systematic analyzes on the topic are of great relevance for the direction of preventive policies. The present work aims to analyze the profile of the TBI in Northeastern Brazil, through an exploratory, descriptive, epidemiological, time series study, from January 2009 to December 2019, with secondary data from DATASUS - Ministry of Health of Brazil. There was an increase in the number of hospitalizations and deaths in the period, with the majority of male victims, of brown race, aged between 20 and 39 years. Hospitalization costs are high and on the rise.

El desempeño del primer nivel y su relación con las hospitalizaciones evitables / The primary care performance and its relationship with preventable hospitalizations

INTRODUCCIÓN. El enfoque de atención primaria en el diseño de servicios de salud sigue siendo importante. La coordinación asistencial y la continuidad de la atención son ejes fundamentales para el abordaje de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles como la diabetes mellitus, que ha sido catalogada como enfermedad susceptible de cuidados ambulatorios. Las tasas de hospitalización elevadas por este tipo de condiciones reflejan una atención ambulatoria deficiente e inadecuada para el problema de salud estudiado, lo que implica que la población no accedió a la atención, o que esta no es resolutiva. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Se analizaron todas las consultas de emergencia, en 12 meses en un hospital de Quito, se buscaron consultas externas de pacientes en todos los establecimientos de primer nivel del MSP antes de la consulta por emergencia, desde el 1 de enero de 2015 hasta un día antes de la consulta por emergencia. RESULTADOS. De 41 pacientes atendidos con diagnóstico de enfermedades evitables 58% eran mujeres, 43% (18) requirió hospitalización. El promedio de días de hospitalización fue 6,51, con una dispersión de 13,0; el de consultas externas previo a la emergencia fue 3,07, con máximo 22 consultas. Los hospitalizados tuvieron, en promedio, 5,05 consultas externas antes de la emergencia y hospitalización, aproximadamente 4 más que el promedio (0,95) de los pacientes no hospitalizados. DISCUSIÓN. las elevadas tasas de hospitalización podrían reflejar una atención primaria deficiente, lo que implica que la población no accedió a la atención, sin embargo, habría que analizar la gravedad de los pacientes.

INTRODUCTION. Primary care services are important for the delivery of comprehensive health services. The coordination and continuity of care are the main characteristics to approach non-communicable diseases like diabetes mellitus, which has been classified as ambulatory care sensitive condition. The high hospitalization rate might reveal poor and inadequate out-patient care, implying that the population did not access care, or that care was not effective. MATERIALS AND METHODS. All emergency consultations within 12 months in one hospital in Quito were analyzed according to their ICD-10 codes. They were compared with the consultations at the first level of care facilities of the Ministry of Public Health, from January 1st, 2015 until one day before the emergency consultation. RESULTS. Of 41 patients who attended with a diagnosis of preventable diseases 58% were wo-men, 43% (18) required hospitalization. The average number of days of hospitalization was 6.51, with a dispersion of 13.0; the number of external consultations prior to the emergency was 3.07, with a maximum of 22 consultations. The hospitalized patients had, on average, 5.05 outpatient visits before the emergency and hospitalization, approximately 4 more than the average (0.95) of the non-hospitalized patients. DISCUSSION. The high hospitalization rate, due to this condition, might reveal poor and inadequate ambulatory care, nevertheless it is necessary to analyze the severity of the cases in the studs.

Beneficios de una unidad de mediana estancia en la rehabilitación de adultos mayores dependientes / Benefits of a subacute care unit in the rehabilitation of frail dependent older adults

Las Unidades de Mediana Estancia (UME) se definen como un recurso institucional con camas de hospitalización para pacientes ancianos, en donde ‒una vez superada la fase aguda de la enfermedad‒ sea posible efectuar un tratamiento a medio plazo, con recursos rehabilitadores, atención médica y cuidados de enfermería, todo ello con el propósito de conseguir la recuperación funcional y la reinserción en la comunidad. El objetivo de este trabajo fue efectuar un estudio cuasi experimental con propio individuo control antes-después con el fin de describir las características basales de los pacientes ingresados en la UME con objetivos de rehabilitación, así como su ganancia funcional luego de la intervención, medida como la diferencia entre el índice de Barthel al alta (valor final) y al ingreso en la UME (valor basal). Para ello se incluyeron 122 personas y se obtuvo como principal resultado una ganancia funcional positiva de 40 puntos y un parámetro de eficacia (ganancia funcional/días de internación) de 1,18. Los resultados obtenidos se consideran, de acuerdo con la literatura, como efectivos y eficaces. (AU)

Subacute Care Units are defined as an institutional resource with hospital beds where once a patient overcomes the acute phase of a disease, it is possible for him to undergo a rehabilitation treatment with the objective of achieving functional recovery and reintegration into the community. The purpose of this paper was to carry out a quasi-experimental before and after study where the subjects serve as their own controls, in order to describe the baseline characteristics of the patients admitted to the subacute care unit with rehabilitation objectives, as well as their functional gain after the intervention, measured as the difference between the Barthel index at discharge (final value) and admission to the EMU (baseline value). For this, 122 people were included, obtaining as main results a positive functional gain of 40 points (p <0.001) and an efficiency parameter (functional gain / days of hospitalization) of 1.18, considering the results obtained according to the literature as effective and efficient. (AU)

Navegando em águas raras: notas de uma pesquisa com famílias de crianças e adolescentes vivendo com doenças raras / Navigating in rare oceans: notes from a family survey of children and adolescents living with rare diseases

Resumo No presente artigo, procura-se evidenciar a construção da navegação social em um hospital. O enfoque dado privilegiou os bastidores da aplicação de um questionário quantitativo sobre os custos da família com os cuidados/tratamento de seu(sua) filho(a) com doença rara. Permeando a descrição desses processos estão os marcadores de gênero, raça e geração de um dos autores deste artigo. A interação entre pesquisador e sujeitos da pesquisa em campo é socialmente construída, conforme as circunstâncias específicas que demarcam o convite para participar da pesquisa, bem como a coleta de dados, por isso o lugar que ocupa e a postura ética precisam estar bem definidos e claros para o pesquisador. O exercício metodológico e ético de construção desta navegação social com a instituição hospitalar e os sujeitos pesquisados foi permeada por dificuldade e incertezas, mas também por surpresas e aprendizados. Foi possível observar características marcantes da instituição, de seus funcionários e das famílias entrevistadas e, avaliar as estratégias metodológicas utilizadas.

Abstract This article seeks to highlight the construction of social navigation in a hospital. Our focus is to reflect on scenes of application of a questionnaire on family costs of care/treatment of children with rare diseases. These processes are linked to the markers of gender, race, and generation of one of the authors. The interaction between researcher and subjects of field research is socially constructed according to the specific circumstances that demarcate the invitation to participate in the research, as well as data collection. It implies that his position as a researcher and the ethical perspective need to be well defined. The approach and ethics build this social navigation with the hospital and the subjects are permeated by difficulty and uncertainty, but also by surprises and learning. It was possible to observe remarkable characteristics of the institution, of their employees and the families, to evaluate the used methodological strategies.

Medical resource consumption of moderate/severe psoriasis in a private health organization of Buenos Aires, Argentina,

Abstract Background: Despite the economic burden of psoriasis for patients and societies, scant information exists regarding the impact and burden of the disease in Argentina. Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate medical resource consumption and direct health care costs for patients with moderate/severe psoriasis in Buenos Aires, Argentina from the perspective of the payer. Methods: Adults with moderate/severe psoriasis (severity was defined as receiving systemic treatment), during January 2010-January 2014, aged 18 years and older, members of the Italian Hospital Medical Care Program with at least 18 months of follow-up were included. All data on hospitalizations, drug prescription, outpatient episodes, consultations, and investigations/tests in the 12 months before inclusion in the study were considered for the estimation of medical resource consumption and direct health care costs. First-quarter 2018 costs were obtained from the IHMCP and converted into US dollars (using the January 2018 exchange rate). Results: A total of 791 patients were included. The mean age at diagnosis was 34 ± 12 years. Almost 65% of the patients had a dermatologist as their usual source of care, 43% had internists, and 14% had rheumatologists. The average yearly direct cost was US$ 5326 (95% CI: 4125-7896) per patient per year. Study limitation: The single center design and the retrospective nature are the main limitations. Conclusion: This is the first Argentine study that evaluated the costs of moderate/severe psoriasis by taking into consideration the direct medical costs of the disease.

Penile cancer trends and economic burden in the Brazilian public health system / Tendências e carga econômica do câncer de pênis no sistema público de saúde brasileiro

ABSTRACT Objective: To gather information on penile cancer epidemiologic trends and its economic impact on the Brazilian Public Health System across the last 25 years. Methods: The Brazilian Public Health System database was used as the primary source of data from January 1992 to December 2017. Mortality and incidence data from the Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva was collected using the International Classification of Diseases ICD10 C60. Demographic data from the Brazilian population was obtained from the last census by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, performed in 2010 and its 2017 review. Results: There were 9,743 hospital admissions related to penile cancer from 1992 to 2017. There was a reduction (36%) in the absolute number of admissions per year related to penile cancer in 2017, as compared to 1992 (2.7versus 1.7 per 100,000; p<0.001). The expenses with admissions related to this condition in this period were US$ 3,002,705.73 (US$ 115,488.68/year). Approximately 38% of the total amount was spent in Northeast Region. In 1992, penile cancer costed US$ 193,502.05 to the public health system, while in 2017, it reduced to US$ 47,078.66 (p<0.02). Penile cancer incidence in 2017 was 0.43/100,000 male Brazilian, with the highest incidence rate found in the Northeast Region. From 1992 to 2017, the mortality rates of penile cancer in Brazil were 0.38/100,000 man, and 0.50/100,000 man in the North Region. Conclusion: Despite the decrease in admissions, penile cancer still imposes a significant economic and social burden to the Brazilian population and the Public Health System.

RESUMO Objetivo: Reunir informações sobre as tendências epidemiológicas do câncer de pênis e seu impacto econômico no Sistema Único de Saúde nos últimos 25 anos. Métodos: O banco de dados de informações do Sistema Único de Saúde foi utilizado como fonte primária de dados de janeiro 1992 a dezembro 2017. Os dados demortalidade e incidência do Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva foram coletados usando a Classificação Internacional de Doença CID10 C60. Os dados demográficos da população brasileira foram obtidos do último censo do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, realizado em 2010, e em sua revisão, de 2017. Resultados: Ocorreram 9.743 internações relacionadas ao câncer de pênis de 1992 a 2017. Houve redução (36%) nas internações anuais absolutas em 2017 em comparação com 1992 (2,7 versus 1,7 por 100.000; p<0,001). Os gastos com internações neste período foram de US$ 3,002,705.73 (US$ 115,488.68/ano). Cerca de 38% do valor total foi gasto na Região Nordeste. Em 1992, o câncer de pênis custou US$ 193,502.05 ao sistema público, enquanto em 2017 reduziu para US$ 47,078.66 (p<0,02). A incidência em 2017 foi de 0,43/100.000 brasileiro do sexo masculino, com a maior taxa de incidência encontrada na Região Nordeste. De 1992 a 2017, as taxas de mortalidade por câncer de pênis foram de 0,38/100.000 homem, sendo 0,50/100.000 homem na Região Norte. Conclusão: Apesar da diminuição nas hospitalizações, o câncer de pênis ainda impõe uma carga econômica e social significativa à população brasileira e ao Sistema Único de Saúde.

Hospital admissions of adolescents in sergipe, from 2002 to 2012 / Internações hospitalares de adolescentes em sergipe, de 2002 a 2012

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe hospital admissions of adolescents living in Sergipe, Northeast Brazil, from 2002 to 2012. Methods: Descriptive study, based on data collected from the Hospital Information System of the Unified Health System. Hospital admissions were divided into four groups of causes: by pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium; by external causes; by primary care conditions; and other causes. Numbers, percentages and coefficients were used in the analysis and compared by year, sex, age (from 10 to 14 and from 15 to 19 years), and the average annual cost of hospitalizations for each group of causes. Results: In the period studied, there were 149,850 hospital admissions of adolescents, 58.4% for pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium, 9.3% for primary care conditions, 8.3% for external causes and 24.0% for other causes. All coefficients decreased from 2002 to 2012 by 39.7%. Primary care conditions had the most significant reduction (143.1%), followed by external causes (60.1%). As for age groups, the coefficients for external causes in the age group of 15 to -19 years, and for pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium, in the age range of 10 to 14 years, are noteworthy because they remained stable in the period. There was an increase in the average cost of all admissions (234.7%), especially for external causes. Conclusions: Health actions to reduce hospital admission due to conditions sensitive to primary care should be given more attention, as well as those related to external causes and pregnancy, among adolescents living in Sergipe, Northeastern Brazil.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever as internações hospitalares de adolescentes residentes em Sergipe, de 2002 a 2012. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, a partir de dados do Sistema de Informação Hospitalar do Sistema Único de Saúde, no qual as internações foram divididas em quatro grupos de causas: primeiro, por gravidez, parto e puerpério; segundo, por causas externas; terceiro, por condições sensíveis à atenção primária; e quarto, demais internações. Para a análise, foram utilizados os números, percentuais e coeficientes, por ano, sexo, idade (de 10 a 14; e de 15 a 19 anos) e custo médio anual das internações segundo os grupos de causas. Resultados: No período, ocorreram 149.850 hospitalizações de adolescentes, sendo 58,4% por gravidez, parto e puerpério; 9,3% por condições sensíveis à atenção primária; 8,3% por causas externas; e 24,0% foram as demais internações. Houve redução de 39,7% em todos os coeficientes entre 2002 e 2012, sendo que as por condições sensíveis à atenção primária apresentaram maior redução (143,1%), seguidas das causas externas (60,1%). Em relação às faixas etárias, chama a atenção os coeficientes por causas externas na idade de 15 a 19 anos e a gravidez, parto e o puerpério, dos 10 a 14 anos, por apresentarem estabilidade no período. Houve aumento do custo médio de todas as internações, de 234,7%, destacando-se o das causas externas. Conclusões: Impõe-se a necessidade de se incrementar ações de saúde para diminuir as hospitalizações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária, à incidência das causas externas e à gravidez entre os adolescentes sergipanos.

Hospitalization costs and their determining factors among patients undergoing kidney transplantation: a cross-sectional descriptive study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Cost evaluation is a key tool in monitoring expenditure for budget management. It increases the efficiency of possible changes through identifying potential savings and estimating the resources required to make such changes. However, there is a lack of knowledge of the total cost of hospitalization up to the clinical outcome, regarding patients admitted for kidney transplantation. Likewise, there is a lack of data on the factors that influence the amounts spent by hospital institutions and healthcare systems. OBJECTIVES: To describe the costs and determining factors relating to hospitalization of patients undergoing kidney transplantation. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional descriptive study with a quantitative approach based on secondary data from 81 patients who were admitted for kidney transplantation at a leading transplantation center in southern Brazil. METHODS: The direct costs of healthcare for patients who underwent kidney transplantation were the dependent variable, and included personnel, expenses, third-party services, materials and medicines. The factors that interfered in the cost of the procedure were indirect variables. The items that made up these variables were gathered from the records of the internal transplantation committee and from the electronic medical records. The billing sector provided information on the direct costs per patient. RESULTS: The estimated total cost of patients' hospitalization was R$ 1,257,639.11 (US$ 571,010.44). Out of this amount, R$ 1,237,338.31 (US$ 561,793.20) was paid by the Brazilian National Health System and R$ 20,300.80 (US$ 9,217.24) by the transplantation center's own resources. The highest costs related to the length of hospital stay and clinical complications such as sepsis and pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS: The costs of hospitalization for kidney transplantation relate to the length of hospital stay and clinical complications.

Análise de custo da assistência de crianças e adolescentes com condições crônicas complexas / Analysis of the cost of care for children and adolescents with medical complex chronic conditions

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo foi identificar a utilização de tecnologias e estimar o custo direto da atenção hospitalar de crianças e adolescentes com condições crônicas complexas em um hospital público federal especializado na assistência de alta complexidade a pacientes pediátricos. O trabalho foi realizado concomitantemente com um estudo de coorte durante o período de um ano e incluiu 146 pacientes com condições complexas crônicas e 37 pacientes não-crônicos. A análise identificou que a maioria dos pacientes com condições complexas crônicas internou em média duas vezes em um ano e que tinham doenças com o envolvimento de pelo menos dois sistemas orgânicos. O uso de drenos e cateteres e a gastrostomia foram as tecnologias de maior utilização. Na comparação com os pacientes não-crônicos, o custo direto mediano dos pacientes com condições complexas crônicas foi superior quando se comparou a utilização de tecnologias. O estudo indica um elevado custo da atenção hospitalar para esses pacientes. Documentar a utilização de tecnologias e o custo da atenção hospitalar permite subsidiar os gestores e contribuir para a tomada de decisões de planejamento, gestão e financiamento das políticas de saúde na área pediátrica.

Abstract This paper aimed to identify the use of technology and to analyze the cost of hospital care for children and adolescents with medical complex chronic conditions at a public federal hospital specialized in high-complexity pediatric care, and was performed concomitantly with a prospective cohort study conducted over a one-year period. It included 146 patients with complex medical chronic conditions and 37 non-chronic patients. The analysis showed that most patients had, on average, two hospitalizations a year and were diagnosed with diseases related to at least two organic systems. Catheters, drains and gastrostomy were the most common technologies used. Median direct costs of patients with medically complex chronic conditions were higher than those of non-chronic patients when comparing the use of technology. The study shows high hospitalization cost to these patients. Technology use and hospitalization care costs documentation yields more data to support decision-makers in the planning, managing, and financing of pediatric health policies.

Healthcare Utilization and Costs Reduction after Radiofrequency Ablation For Atrial Fibrillation in the Brazilian Private Healthcare System / Redução na Utilização de Recursos em Saúde e dos Custos após Ablação por Radiofrequência da Fibrilação Arial na Saúde Suplementar Brasileira

Abstract Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia worldwide, with significantly associated hospitalizations. Considering its growing incidence, the AF related economic burden to healthcare systems is increasing. Healthcare expenditures might be substantially reduced after AF radiofrequency ablation (AFRA). Objective: To compare resource utilization and costs before and after AFRA in a cohort of patients from the Brazilian private healthcare system. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study, based on patients' billing information from an administrative database. Eighty-three adult patients who had an AFRA procedure between 2014 and 2015 were included. Healthcare resource utilization related to cardiovascular causes, including ambulatory and hospital care, as well as its costs, were analyzed. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Mean follow-up was 14.7 ± 7.1 and 10.7 ± 5.4 months before and after AFRA, respectively. The 1-year AF recurrence-free rate was 83.6%. Before AFRA, median monthly total costs were Brazilian Reais (BRL) 286 (interquartile range [IQR]: 137-766), which decreased by 63.5% (p = 0.001) after the procedure, to BRL 104 (IQR: 57-232). Costs were reduced both in the emergency (by 58.6%, p < 0.001) and outpatient settings (by 56%, p < 0.001); there were no significant differences in the outpatient visits, inpatient elective admissions and elective admission costs before and after AFRA. The monthly median emergency department visits were reduced (p < 0.001). Conclusion: In this cohort, overall healthcare costs were reduced by 63.5%. A longer follow-up could be useful to evaluate if long-term cost reduction is maintained.

Resumo Fundamento: A fibrilação atrial (FA) é a arritmia mais comum em todo o mundo, com hospitalizações significativamente associadas. Considerando sua crescente incidência, a carga econômica relacionada à FA para os sistemas de saúde está aumentando. Os gastos com saúde podem ser substancialmente reduzidos após a ablação por radiofrequência (ARF). Objetivo: Comparar a utilização de recursos e os custos anteriores e posteriores à ARF em uma coorte de pacientes do sistema de saúde privado brasileiro. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo de coorte retrospectivo, com base nas informações de cobrança dos pacientes de um banco de dados administrativo. Foram incluídos oitenta e três pacientes adultos que passaram pelo procedimento de ARF entre 2014 e 2015. A utilização de recursos de saúde relacionados às causas cardiovasculares, incluindo atendimento ambulatorial e hospitalar, assim como seus custos, foram analisados. Um valor de p inferior a 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: O seguimento médio foi de 14,7 ± 7,1 e 10,7 ± 5,4 meses antes e após a ARF, respectivamente. A taxa de FA livre de recidiva em 1 ano foi de 83,6%. Antes da ARF, a mediana dos custos totais mensais foi de R$286,00 (intervalo interquartil [IIQ]: 137-766), com redução de 63,5% (p = 0,001) após o procedimento, para um valor de R$104 (IIQ: 57-232). Os custos foram reduzidos tanto na emergência (em 58,6%, p < 0,001) como no ambiente ambulatorial (em 56%, p < 0,001); não houve diferenças significativas nas consultas ambulatoriais, internações eletivas e custos de internação eletiva antes e depois da ARF. As medianas das consultas mensais no setor de emergência foram reduzidas (p < 0,001). Conclusão: Nesta coorte, os custos gerais com saúde foram reduzidos em 63,5%. Um seguimento mais longo pode ser útil para avaliar se a redução de custos em longo prazo é mantida.

Gasto de bolsillo en salud durante el último año de vida de adultos mayores mexicanos: análisis del Enasem / Out of pocket expenditure on health during the last year of life of Mexican elderly: analysis of the Enasem

Resumen: Objetivo: Estimar el gasto de bolsillo (GB) durante el último año de vida en adultos mayores (AM) mexicanos. Material y métodos: Estimación del GB del último año de vida de AM, ajustando por tipo de manejo, afiliación y causa de muerte. Se emplearon datos del Estudio Nacional de Salud y Envejecimiento en México (2012). Los gastos en medicamentos, consultas médicas y hospitalización durante el año previo a la muerte conforman el GB. El GB se ajustó por inflación y se reporta en dólares americanos 2018. Resultados: La media de GB fue $6 255.3±18 500. En el grupo de atención ambulatoria el GB fue $4 134.9±13 631.3. El GB en hospitalización fue $7 050.6±19 971.0. Conclusiones: La probabilidad de incurrir en GB es menor cuando no se requiere hospitalización. Con hospitalización, la afiliación a la seguridad social y atenderse en hospitales públicos juega un papel protector.

Abstract: Objective: To estimate the out-of-pocket expenses (OOPE) during the last year of life in Mexican older adults (OA). Materials and methods: Estimation of the OOPE corresponding to the last year of life of OA, adjusting by type of management, affiliation and cause of death. Data from the National Health and Aging Study in Mexico (2012) were used. To calculate the total OOPE, the expenses in the last year were used in: medications, medical consultations and hospitalization. The OOPE was adjusted for inflation and is reported in US dollars 2018. Results: The mean OOPE was $6 255.3±18 500. In the ambulatory care group, the OOPE was $4 134.9±13 631.3. The OOPE in hospitalization was $7 050.6±19 971.0. Conclusions: The probability of incurre in OOPE is lower when hospitalization is not required. With hospitalization, affiliation to social security and attending to public hospitals plays a protective role.

Impacto económico de los inhibidores en hemofilia tipo A pediátrica / Economic impact of inhibitors in pediatric hemophilia type A

Resumen Introducción: Pocos estudios han evaluado el impacto económico de los inhibidores en hemofilia tipo A en México, especialmente en población pediátrica. Objetivo: Determinar el impacto económico que conlleva el desarrollo de inhibidores en pacientes pediátricos con hemofilia tipo A. Método: Se evaluaron de forma retrospectiva los pacientes con hemofilia tipo A atendidos en un servicio de hematología pediátrica entre diciembre de 2015 y noviembre de 2017, y se determinaron los costos directos e indirectos a partir de la presencia o ausencia de inhibidores. Resultados: El análisis de costos de la población estudiada (n = 24) mostró que el diagnóstico, seguimiento, profilaxis, tratamiento y hospitalización de estos pacientes tuvo un costo de $6 883 187.4 anuales por paciente, de los cuales más de 95 % dependió del uso de factores hemostáticos. El costo anual por paciente en el grupo con inhibidores tuvo un costo de $5 548 765.0, en comparación con $1 334 422.4 del grupo sin inhibidores, 4.2 veces superior. Conclusiones: Se trata del primer estudio nacional que muestra que el desarrollo de inhibidores en pacientes pediátricos con hemofilia tipo A eleva más de cuatro veces la erogación económica derivada de esta enfermedad.

Abstract Introduction: Few studies have assessed the economic impact of inhibitors in hemophilia A in Mexico, especially in the pediatric population. Objective: To determine the economic impact entailed by the development of inhibitors in pediatric patients with hemophilia A. Method: Patients with hemophilia A under the care of a pediatric hematology department between December 2015 and November 2017 were retrospectively assessed. Direct and indirect costs were determined based on the presence or absence of inhibitors. Results: The cost analysis of the study population (n = 24) showed that diagnosis, follow-up, prophylaxis, treatment and hospitalization of these patients had an annual cost of $ 6 883 187.4 per patient, out of which more than 95 % depended on the use of hemostatic factors. Annual cost per patient in the group with inhibitors was $ 5 548 765.0 in comparison with $ 1 334 422.4 in the group without inhibitors, 4.2 times higher. Conclusions: This is the first national study to show that the presence of inhibitors in pediatric patients with hemophilia A increases the cost of the disease more than four times.

Costos médicos directos de las infecciones del tracto urinario por bacilos Gram negativos resistentes a betalactámicos en un hospital de alta complejidad de Medellín, Colombia / Direct medical costs of urinary tract infections by Gram-negative bacilli resistant to beta-lactams in a tertiary care hospital in Medellín, Colombia

Resumen Introducción. Las infecciones del tracto urinario son muy frecuentes en el ámbito hospitalario. Debido a la aparición de la resistencia antimicrobiana, la complejidad de los procesos de atención ha aumentado y, con ello, la demanda de recursos. Objetivo. Describir y comparar el exceso de los costos médicos directos de las infecciones del tracto urinario por Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae y Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistentes a betalactámicos. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de cohorte en una institución de tercer nivel de Medellín, Colombia, entre octubre del 2014 y septiembre del 2015. Se incluyeron los pacientes con infección urinaria, unos por bacterias sensibles a los antibióticos betalactámicos, y otros por bacterias resistentes a las cefalosporinas de tercera y cuarta generación y a los antibióticos carbapenémicos. Los costos se analizaron desde la perspectiva del sistema de salud. La información clínico-epidemiológica se obtuvo de las historias clínicas y los costos se calcularon utilizando los manuales tarifarios estándar. El exceso de costos se estimó mediante análisis multivariados. Resultados. Se incluyeron 141 pacientes con infección urinaria: 55 (39 %) por bacterias sensibles a los betalactámicos, 54 (38,3 %) por bacterias resistentes a las cefalosporinas y 32 (22,7 %) por bacterias resistentes a los carbapenémicos. El exceso de costos totales ajustado de los 86 pacientes con infecciones del tracto urinario por bacterias resistentes a las cefalosporinas y a los carbapenémicos, fue de USD$ 193 (IC95% -347 a 734) y USD$ 633 (IC95% -50 a 1.316), respectivamente comparados con el grupo de 55 pacientes por bacterias sensibles a los betalactámicos. Las diferencias se presentaron principalmente en el uso de antibióticos de amplio espectro, como el meropenem, la colistina y la fosfomicina. Conclusión. Los resultados evidenciaron un incremento sustancial de los costos médicos directos de los pacientes con infecciones del tracto urinario por bacterias resistentes a las cefalosporinas o a los carbapenémicos. Esta situación genera especial preocupación en los países endémicos como Colombia, donde la alta frecuencia de infecciones del tracto urinario y de resistencia a los betalactámicos puede causar un mayor impacto económico en el sector de la salud.

Abstract Introduction: Urinary tract infections are very frequent in the hospital environment and given the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, they have made care processes more complex and have placed additional pressure on available healthcare resources. Objective: To describe and compare excess direct medical costs of urinary tract infections due to Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to beta-lactams. Materials and methods: A cohort study was conducted in a third level hospital in Medellín, Colombia, from October, 2014, to September, 2015. It included patients with urinary tract infections caused by beta-lactam-susceptible bacteria, third and fourth generation cephalosporin-resistant, as well as carbapenem-resistant. Costs were analyzed from the perspective of the health system. Clinical-epidemiological information was obtained from medical records and the costs were calculated using standard tariff manuals. Excess costs were estimated with multivariate analyses. Results: We included 141 patients: 55 (39%) were sensitive to beta-lactams, 54 (38.3%) were resistant to cephalosporins and 32 (22.7%) to carbapenems. The excess total adjusted costs of patients with urinary tract infections due to cephalosporin- and carbapenem-resistant bacteria were US$ 193 (95% confidence interval (CI): US$ -347-734) and US$ 633 (95% CI: US$ -50-1316), respectively, compared to the group of patients with beta-lactam sensitive urinary tract infections. The differences were mainly found in the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics such as meropenem, colistin, and fosfomycin. Conclusion: Our results show a substantial increase in the direct medical costs of patients with urinary tract infections caused by beta-lactam-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (cephalosporins and carbapenems). This situation is of particular concern in endemic countries such as Colombia, where the high frequencies of urinary tract infections and the resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics can generate a greater economic impact on the health sector.